融容版雅思写作背景信息.pdf

融容版雅思写作背景信息 本资料为融容老师独立编撰、整理（*108*319*****92**1），任何个人与组织在未经作者 授权的情况下不得将本资料应用于任何商业目的。作者保留追诉权。 融容博客地址：/ietoer /ietoer 融容信箱：ietoer@ 融容QQ：598319376 第一部分：犯罪类话题 Thepublic healthapproachto thestudy andpreventionofinterpersonalviolencewasgiven formal recognition in 1984when SurgeonGeneralC.Everett Koop stated:Violenceis every bit asmuch a public health issue for me and my successors in this century as smallpox, tuberculosis, and syphilis were for my predecessors in the last century. As the injury and death toll from violent behavior have become increasingly evident, multidisciplinary scholarship in the study of violence hasemergedandexpandedatanunprecedentedpace. The most widely accepted definition of violence—sometimes termed intentional interpersonal injury—is: behavior by personsagainst personsthatintentionally threatens, attempts, or actually inflicts physical harm (Reiss and Roth, 1993). The closely related terms aggression and antisocial behavior are generally applied to lesser forms of violence and include, but are not limited to,behaviorsthatareintendedtoinflictpsychologicalharmaswellasphysicalharm. The public health approach to the study and prevention of violence entailsa four-step process:(1) data collection of violence-related problems, assets, and resources; (2) assessment of the possible causes of violence through risk-factor identification; (3) the establishment and evaluation of violence prevention strategies; and (4) the dissemination and implementation of effective strategies. Publichealth,then,isinherentlyaresearch-driven andprevention-orientedscience.This approach complements and overlaps with the narrower focus of criminology, which is primarily concerned with forms of violence that constitute crimes and with policiesand practicesthat deter andpunishperpetrators. ViolentVictimization Epidemiological data on violence arederived from three primary sources: (1) hospital, emerg