第七章分组交换网.pptVIP

Chapter 7Packet-Switching Networks Network Services and Internal Network Operation Packet Network Topology Datagrams and Virtual Circuits Routing in Packet Networks Shortest Path Routing ATM Networks Traffic Management Chapter 7 Packet-Switching Networks Network Services and Internal Network Operation Network Layer Network Layer: the most complex layer Requires the coordinated actions of multiple, geographically distributed network elements (switches routers) Must be able to deal with very large scales Billions of users (people communicating devices) Biggest Challenges Addressing: where should information be directed to? Routing: what path should be used to get information there? Packet Switching Transfer of information as payload in data packets Packets undergo random delays possible loss Different applications impose differing requirements on the transfer of information Network Service vs. Operation Network Service Connectionless Datagram Transfer Connection-Oriented Reliable and possibly constant bit rate transfer Internal Network Operation Connectionless IP Connection-Oriented Telephone connection ATM Complexity at the Edge or in the Core? The End-to-End Argument for System Design An end-to-end function is best implemented at a higher level than at a lower level End-to-end service requires all intermediate components to work properly Higher-level better positioned to ensure correct operation Example: stream transfer service Establishing an explicit connection for each stream across network requires all network elements (NEs) to be aware of connection; All NEs have to be involved in re-establishment of connections in case of network fault In connectionless network operation, NEs do not deal with each explicit connection and hence are much simpler in design Network Layer Functions Essential Routing: mechanisms for determining the set of best paths for routing packets requires the collaboration of network elements Forwarding: transfer of packets from N