第5章方程求解_2010.pptVIP

* * 第5章 方程求解 (Solving FEM Equations) 计算力学 (力学系本科生) The end result of the assembly process are the master stiffness equations. The Curse of Fullness: If K is stored and processed as a full matrix, the storage and calculating resources rapidly becomes prohibitive as N increases. a full square matrix stored without taking advantage of symmetry, requires storage for N2 entries. If each entry is an 8-byte, double precision floating-point number, the required storage is 8N2 bytes. Thus, a matrix of order N = 105 would require 8×1010 bytes or 80 GB for storage The Advantages of Sparsity we shall concentrate on a particular form of sparse scheme that is widely use in FEM codes: skyline storage The skyline storage format is a generalization of the band storage scheme. A matrix stored in accordance with the skyline format will be called a skymatrix for short. If a skymatrix of order N can be stored in S memory locations, the ratio B = S/N is called the mean bandwidth. If the entries are, as usual, 8-byte double-precision floating-point numbers, the storage requirement is 8NB bytes. The factorization of a skymatrix requires approximately 12 NB2 floating-point operation units Sparse solution of stiffness equations Skyline Storage Format Consider the 6 × 6 stiffness matrix define the envelope of K From each diagonal entry move up the corresponding column until the last nonzero entry is found. The envelope separates that entry from the rest of the upper triangle. The key observation is that only the entries in the skyline template need to be stored. To store these entries it is convenient to use a one-dimensional skyline array: This array is complemented by a (N + 1) integer array p that contains addresses of diagonal locations. The i th entry of p has the location of the i th diagonal entry of K in s. Global Skyline Diagonal Location Table. Factorization The stiffness equations are solved by a direct method that involves two basic phases: factorization and solution. In the f