应用统计学-卡方检验.ppt

Age *attitude to banning imports Cross tabulation 19.0 53.0 25.0 97.0 23.0 49.2 24.7 96.9 46.0 94.0 47.0 187.0 44.4 94.9 47.7 187.0 30.0 56.0 30.0 116.0 27.6 58.9 29.6 116.1 95.0 203.0 102.0 400.0 95.0 203.0 102.0 400.0 Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Under 25 25-60 Over 60 Age Group Total Agree No view Disagree Attitude to ban imports Total Calculation for expected frequency of agree and over 60, 95 ? 116 / 400 Age *attitude to banning imports Cross tabulation 19.0 53.0 25.0 97.0 23.0 49.2 24.7 96.9 46.0 94.0 47.0 187.0 44.4 94.9 47.7 187.0 30.0 56.0 30.0 116.0 27.6 58.9 29.6 116.1 95.0 203.0 102.0 400.0 95.0 203.0 102.0 400.0 Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Under 25 25-60 Over 60 Age Group Total Agree No view Disagree Attitude to ban imports Total The count (observed) and the expected are different, but different enough to reject the null? Chi-squared test for independence Rationale: Oij ? Eij ? HO is probably true. Test statistic We require a test statistic to decide whether the difference is large enough to reject the null hypothesis. Chi-Square Tests 1.438 a 4 .837 1.517 4 .805 1.307 1 .758 400 Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 23.0. a. Calculated value of Chi-Square. Degrees of freedom, (rows - 1) ? (columns - 1) Chi-Square Tests 1.438 a 4 .837 1.517 4 .805 1.307 1 .758 400 Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 23.0. a. Cannot reject the null that all attitude and age are independent because Sig 0.05. H0: attitudes and age are independent. H1: attitudes and age are dependent. Conclusion: At 5% significance level we are unable to conclude that age at