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* Polymorphism Listing 11.9 to demonstrate polymorphism Polymorphism(多态) Also called dynamic binding (动态绑定) Two elements Virtual function (虚函数) Pointer of base class Run WhyPolymorphismDemo Run PolymorphismDemo * Virtual Functions The function declared with the keyword “virtual” Overriding To redefine a virtual function in the derived class class C { public: virtual string toString() { return class C; } }; class B: public C { string toString() { return class B; } }; * Note If a function is defined virtual in a base class, it is automatically virtual in all its derived classes It is not necessary to add the keyword virtual in the function declaration in the derived class * Pointer of Base Class void displayObject(C *p) { cout p-toString().data() endl; } int main() { A a = A(); B b = B(); C c = C(); displayObject(a); displayObject(b); displayObject(c); return 0; } Class A Class B Class C * Matching vs. Binding Matching (匹配) To match the function call with the function signature At compiling time Binding (绑定) To bind the function call with the function implementation Two types of binding Static binding(静态绑定,early binding) At compiling time Dynamic binding(动态绑定, late binding) ? polymorphism At runtime * §11.7 Abstract Classes Class is the abstraction of instances/objects A base class is more abstract/general than derived classes Abstract class (抽象类) In logic: A class so abstract that it cannot have any specific instances It can only be used as base class In syntax: A class with abstract functions (抽象函数) For example, GeometricObject * Abstract Function I.e. Pure Virtual Function (纯虚函数) Can’t be implemented in abstract classes For example class GeometricObject{ protected: GeometricObject(); GeometricObject(string color, bool filled); public: string getColor(); void setColor(string color); bool isFilled(); void setFilled(bool filled); string toString(); virtual double getArea() = 0; virtual doubl