Analog to Digital (AD) Conversion：模数转换（AD）.pptVIP

4/18/01 BAE 5413 Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion A/D fundamentals A / D conversion is a process where an analog signal is converted into a numeric representation. Analog input is normally classified into one of two types and a voltage range Types and typical ranges Uni-polar (0 -1 V, 0 - 5V, 0 - 10V) Bi-polar (-1 to 1V, -5 to 5V, -10 to 10V) Digital output is normally binary at the hardware level and typically decimal at the software interface level Primary critical specifications for A/D conversions Resolution Conversion rate Elements contributing to inaccuracy (non-linearity, offset/bias, missing codes, non-monotonicity) A/D fundamentals Resolution Normally specified in terms of the number of binary digits that the analog value is converted to: eg. 8 bit conversion, 12 bit conversion, 16 bit conversion Analog resolution can be computed from the specified resolution: analog resolution = analog range / [2^(binary digits in result)] example: a bi-polar A/D converter set to input a range of -10 to +10 V with a 12 bit conversion analog resolution = 20V / [2^12] = 20/4096 V / bit = 4.9 mV/bit Conversion Rate The rate at which an A/D converter can make a conversion is critical. In general higher resolutions require greater time of greater cost or both. Typically specified in samples per second (sometimes MSPS) Transfer Function The ideal output from an A/D converter is a stair-step function (see right) Ideal worst case error in conversion is ? 1/2 bit. Missing codes or the imperfections where increasing voltage does not result in the next step being output are described as non-monotonicity. Errors in A/D conversion may be significant particularly if the full range of the analog signal is significantly less than the range of the analog input of the A/D. A/D Converter Types Dual Slope Integrating A/D Converter Types Operation Input signal is integrated for a fixed time Input is switched to the negative reference and the negative reference is then integrated