微观经济学教程中英文01单元.pptVIP

* 17 * 21 * 21 * 21 * 21 * 22 * 22 * 23 * 23 * 24 * 24 * * * * * * * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * * * * 9 * 9 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 12 * 15 * 15 * 16 * 16 * 16 * 16 * 16 * 16 * 17 * 17 * 18 * 17 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. households decide what to buy and who to work for. Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 市场经济——当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作。 企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么。 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.” 6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 亚当.斯密提出了全部经济学中最有名的观察结果：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，导致了合意的市场结果。 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions. As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole. 6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 由于家庭和企业在决定购买和出售什么时关注价格，所以他们就不知不觉地考虑到了他们的行为的社会收益与成本。 结果是，价格指引这些个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化的结果。 7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有时能改善市场结果 Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently. 市场失灵——市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.政府有时能改善市场结果 When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity. 当市场失灵时，政府可以对市场进行干预以促进效率和平等。 7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有时能改善市场结果 Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firm’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. 市场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性。外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcom