第三章 MRL的制定及意义.pptVIP

第三章 最大残留极限的制定及意义 由于农药的使用有效控制了病、虫、草对农作物的为害，使得全世界每年农作物总产量减少30%-40%的损失, 每年挽回经济损失约 3000亿美元。 农药的应用不只局限于食品和农业方面! 而且在家居、木材处理和公共卫生领域也得到普遍使用。 对于在食品上允许的农药残留是否对人类健康构成影响是目前人们普遍关注的问题。 虽然许多物质在大量摄入时可能导致死亡或产生很严重的毒效应。但是大量的事实证明这些物质在特定的剂量下对人类健康是无害的甚至有时是有益的。被尊为现代毒理学之父的著名瑞士毒理学家Paracelsus（1493-1541）说过：“任何物质对生物体的有毒或无毒主要取决于它的剂量”。 因此，少量的农药残留不应该成为一种担心。 为了保证农产品和食品的质量和安全性，便于食品国际贸易的正常进行，许多国家和国际组织都设定了一些农药在食品中的最大残留限量(Maximum Residue Limit，MRL) 。 美国、德国、日本在20世纪50-60年代就率先制定了《食品中农药最高残留量（允许量）程序和条例》。目前，大多数国家都制定了各类农产品的农药最高残留量控制标准，并由政府有关部门监督实施。 而一些国际组织，如FAO/WHO在1962年成立了国际食品法典委员会，开始进行国际食品法典的制定工作。 其中农药残留法典委员会（codex committee on pesticide residue，简称CCPR）从1963年开始定期召开联席会议（joint meeting on pesticide residue,简称JMPR）,起到了制定农产品农药残留量标准的国际中心作用。 Guidance on setting of acute reference dose (ARfD,即极性毒性参考剂量) for pesticides The need to consider acute effects of pesticide residue intake has been acknowledged for many years, and the concept of the Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) was developed by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) in 1994. Since then, there has been a progressive increase in the establishment of ARfDs for particular pesticides to address potential exposure to residues in food and drinking water at relatively higher doses for short-term periods, due to accidental or incidental events. JMPR has continuously updated its procedure on the setting of ARfDs. The ARfD is defined as an estimate of the amount a substance in food or drinking water, normally expressed on a body weight basis, that can be ingested in a period of 24 h or less without appreciable health risks to the consumer on the basis of all known facts at the time of the evaluation (JMPR, 2002). The recent research results has been published in 2005. The Guidance has been published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology: R. Solecki, L. Davies, V. Dellarco, I. Dewhurst, M. van Raaij and A. Tritscher. Guidance on setting of acute reference dose (ARfD) for pesticides. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43, 1569-1593 (2005). This repor