绿色化学Chapter 3 atom economy-Shen.ppt

Atom Economy - Solutions Whenever possible consider using atom economic reactions. Also consider usual reaction parameters such as yield, reaction conditions, number of steps, ease of separation, nature of by-products, solvents etc. If reactions with poor atom economy need to be used try to minimise effects by, for example careful choice of catalyst, in-process reuse or recycle, ensuring by-products are benign. Increase the conversion of the reactants and the selectivity of the products as thoroughly as possible Atom economy is necessary for a reaction to not produce waste, but it is not enough. Low equilibrium conversion Parallel reactions Use the natural resource more efficiently, prolong their lifetime. Study on atomic economic reactions Chiral technique All atoms from reactants enter into the target molecule All atoms from reactants enter into the target molecule stereo-orientatedly Facing the dried up of natural resource? Reducing toxicity To design chemical products and processes that use and produce less-hazardous materials. toxicity, flammability, explosion potential and environmental persistence. Before 1960s the toxic effects were known only after the event, usually entailing ill health or death amongst those working with the substance. ‘trial and error’ eg: production of nickel from its carbonyl. 1) to prevent workers from coming into contact with the toxic material. 2) limiting exposure The alternative way to minimize risk, which is the Green Chemistry approach, is to reduce the hazard. ‘what you don’t have can’t harm you’ Measuring Toxicity Many methods have now been developed for measuring the potential harmful effects chemicals can have. Common tests include those for irritancy, mutagenic effects, reproductive effects and acute toxicity. the most common ways of measuring the acute toxicity of chemicals LD50 LC50 One of the common screening tests for measuring the potential carcinogenic effects of chemica