chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT知识讲稿.pptVIP

Allomorphs in English p.56 Plurality {-s ~ -z ~ -iz ~ -ai ~ -i: ~ -n ~ -? ~ …} Past {-t ~ -d ~ -id ~ -? ~ …} Negative Prefix {il- ~ in- ~ im- ~ ir- ~ …} Free variation and complementary distribution The plural of the word formula （is formed either by changing the final vowel to /-i:/ as in formulae or adding /-z/ as in formulas. The two morphs /-i:/ and /-z/ are in free variation. Free variation and complementary distribution /-z/, /-s/ and /-iz/ are in complementary distribution because /-z/ only occurs after voiced phonemes except sibilants; /-s/ only occurs after voiceless phonemes except sibilants; /-iz/ only occurs after sibilants咝音 Questions 1 Define the terms and illustrate with appropriate examples: Free morpheme, bound morpheme Morph, allomorph, Root, stem Derivational morphemes, inflectional morpheme Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学 Morphology is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. Morphology falls into two categories: inflectional morphology (study of inflections) and lexical/derivational morphology (study of word formation). Basic units of meaning Morphemes 形位 Words Word groups Clauses Sentences Words Vocabulary: A list of words for a language. Lexicology( 词典学)： Subdiscipline of semantics that investigates and describes the structure of the vocabulary of a language. Lexicon（某语言或学科、某人或群体使用的）全部词汇: A list of words for a language; its morphological (forms) and semantic (meanings) aspects. Definitions of Word A word is a unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. Three main senses of “word” are usually distinguished (though terminology varies): Three main senses of “word” 1 1. A physically definable unit；a series of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks. (形体可定义的单元)： -- Phonological: They are friends. --Orthographic: Theyre friends. Three main senses of “word” 3 3. A gramm