CHAPTER 6 Unemployment 宏观经济学 教程文件.pptVIP

CHAPTER SIX Unemployment;生活中的不幸;像这样的招聘会已经是司空见惯了！！！;Chapter objectives;目录;A first model of the natural rate;Assumptions:;The transitions between employment and unemployment;The steady state condition;Solving for the “equilibrium” U rate;Example:;policy implication;Why is there unemployment?;Job Search Frictional Unemployment;季节性失业 季节性失业是指与天气、旅游或是其他季节性因素变化相关的失业。 ;结构性失业 ;周期性失业 周期性失业是指经济周期中的衰退或萧条时，因需求下降而造成的失业。这种失业是由整个经济的支出和产出下降造成的。;Sectoral shifts;CASE STUDY: Structural change over the long run;More examples of sectoral shifts;1996 年;劳动力及失业特征;我国失业的基本概念;中国城镇实际失业人口基本情况;部分发达国家及地区就业和失业状况 （2001年第一季度）（单位：%）;资料来源：Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;城镇失业人数估计（1993—2000） （单位：万人）;城镇失业人数估计（1993—2000）;各地区城镇实际失业人数;各地区实际失业率估计值（1999年）;中国的人口增长率和劳动力增长率;1978—2001年全国、城乡就业率;经济发展与分产业就业结构;产业结构变化;分产业就业结构变化（1978～2001年）;Public Policy and Job Search;UI pays part of a worker’s former wages for a limited time after losing his/her job. UI increases search unemployment, because it: reduces the opportunity cost of being unemployed reduces the urgency of finding work hence, reduces f Studies: The longer a worker is eligible for UI, the longer the duration of the average spell of unemployment.;By allowing workers more time to search, UI may lead to better matches between jobs and workers, which would lead to greater productivity and higher incomes. ;Why is there unemployment?;Unemployment from real wage rigidity;Unemployment from real wage rigidity;Reasons for wage rigidity;1. The minimum wage;The minimum wage in the real world:;2. Labor unions;Union membership and wage ratios by industry, 2001;3. Efficiency Wage Theory;案例：福特的5美元日工资;Question for Discussion:;The duration of U.S. unemployment, average over 1993-2002;The duration of unemployment;TREND: The natural rate rises from 1960s to early ’80s, then falls from mid-80s to 2000;EXPLAINING THE TREND: The minimum wage;EXPLAINING