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Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 12.1 Saussure and Structuralism 12.1.1 Ferdinand de Saussure 12.1.2 Saussure’s Linguistic Concepts 12.1.3 Structuralism 12.2 The Prague School 12.2.1 Phonological Contribution 12.2.2 Syntactic Contribution ? Functional Sentence Perspective 12.3 The London School 12.3.1 Firth 12.3.2 Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) 12.4 American Structuralism 12.4.1 Bloomfield 12.4.2 Sapir 12.5 Transformational –Generative Grammar 12.5.1 Chomsky’s Syntactic Structure 12.5.2 Chomsky’s Innateness Hypothesis 12.5.3 Chomsky’s Competence vs. Performance 12.5.4 Structural Linguistics and T-G Grammar 12.1 Saussure and Structuralism 12.1.1 Ferdinand de Saussure Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), a Swiss linguist and Sanskritist, excelled early in Indo-European philology. After his death, two of his students, C. Bally and A. Sechehaye, based on the students’ lecture notes and some of his own jottings, compiled A course in General Linguistics in 1916. Saussure is widely considered to be the founder of modern linguistics in its attempts to describe the structure of language rather than the history of particular languages and language forms. He is also the linguist founder of structuralism. Saussure pointed out that language is not composed of individual units, each inherent with meaning, but a system of phonetic and semantic differences. For example, the word “bed” is what is not meant by the words “bad”, “bid”, “bud”, “fed”, etc.. 12.1.2 Saussure’s Linguistic Concepts Linguistic Sign ? Signifier vs. Signified Sign Signifier Signified Language is based on a NAMING process, by which things get associated with a word or name. Saussure says this is a pretty na?ve or elementary view of language, because it gets across the idea that the basic lingui