TheBenefitsofAgrochemicalResearch：CaseStudyofImidacloprid.pptVIP

Agrochemical categories Crop yield response to agrochemicals Area farmed globally for food production in 2000 Global value of agrochemicals in 1998 Worldwide crop protection markets in 2001 Goal of agrochemical research To discover, develop, and understand new products for the safe and effective pest control and to maximize food production Agrochemical discovery development programs are driven by: Population growth Food and health needs Pest resistance issues Safety considerations Economic incentives Replacements and phase-outs Recent setbacks to agrochemical discovery programs: Fewer players Large investments Great risks High stakes Economics Higher standards of potency and safety Insecticide categories Market dominance of commercial insecticide categories Major insecticide classes by importance as of 1995 Human toxicity and insect resistance to the first generation neuro-active insecticides such as carbamates and OPs led to the search for new agrochemicalsSignificant discovery - Imidacloprid Imidacloprid World sales of top selling pesticides in 2001 Structural comparison of nicotine and imidacloprid Characteristics of imidacloprid Mode of action of imidacloprid Imidacloprid provides a broad spectrum of activity against: Trade names of imidacloprid Use range of imidacloprid Impacts of imidacloprid on US crop production Use of imidacloprid (Admire) in California in 1995 Number of insecticide applications with Admire and next best alternative Cost of insecticide programs with Admire and next best alternative Yield increase due to Admire compared to traditional alternatives in CA Increase in grower benefits due to delayed planting facilitated by Admire Insecticide use: CPB/aphids CPB management problems Imidacloprid treated potato acreage (%) in 1999 Leading insecticides used for CPB control in 2001 (in order of importance) Reduction in insecticide use following imidacloprid use in potato (1994 –1999) Pesticides registered for sharpshooter