Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context：社会文化语境下的行为.ppt

Behavior in Social and Cultural Context ?2002 Prentice Hall Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context Chapter 8 Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context Roles and rules Social influences on beliefs Individuals in groups Group conflict and prejudice Roles and Rules Defining norms and roles The obedience study The prison study The power of roles Defining Roles and Rules Norms Rules that regulate human life, including social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural standards. Role A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour. Culture A program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of members of a community or society, and A set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members of that community. The Obedience Study Stanley Milgram and coworkers investigated whether people would follow orders, even when the order violated their ethical standards. Most people were far more obedient than anyone expected. Every single participant complied with at least some orders to shock another person. 2/3 shocked the learner to the full extent. Results are controversial and have generated much research on violence and obedience. Factors Leading to Disobedience in Milgram’s study When the experimenter left the room. When the victim was in the same room. When the experimenter issued conflicting demands. When the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man. When the subject worked with peers who refused to go on. The Prison Study Subjects were physically and mentally healthy young men who volunteered to participate for money. They were randomly assigned to be prisoners or guards. Those assigned the role of prisoner became distressed, helpless, and panicky. Those assigned the roles of guards became either nice, “tough but fair,” or tyrannical. Study had to be ended after 6 days. The Power of Roles Factors that cause people to obey: Allocating responsibility to the authority. Routinizing the task. Wanting to be polite. Becomi