Expression of an antioxidative enzyme in the normal and 在正常和抗氧化酶的表达.ppt

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Expression of an antioxidative enzyme in the normal and 在正常和抗氧化酶的表达.ppt

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Expression of an antioxidative enzyme in the normal and 在正常和抗氧化酶的表达

Expression of an antioxidative enzyme in the normal and pakinsonian brainpresented by Simone AbercrombieBio 475 van Muiswinkel F.L., R. A. I. de Vos, J.M. Bol, G. Andringa, E.H. Jansen Steur, D. Ross, D. Siegel and B. Drukarch Signaling Neuron Dopaminergic terminal Parkinson’s disease Major neural pathways in normal and Parkinsonian basal ganglia, (Vermeulen, 1994) . The thickness of the arrows represents the strength of the signal. Why do cells degenerate? 1. Free radicals Free radicals are highly unstable chemicals damage cell structures. Most stable compounds in the body possess a pair of electrons. When an electron of the electron pair gets stripped away its called a free radical. They are highly unstable because the seek other compounds and break bonds between stable compounds causing a chain reaction. Free radicals can come from environmental pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke, chemicals, and herbicides. Why do cells degenerate? 2. Genetics There are several genetic mutations and a few genes that are linked to PD. Inheriting mutated genes may me the same genes that are altered sporadically by environmental factors and toxins. alpha-synuclein-This gene was mutated in families with familial PD Parkin-encoded into a protein which functions to help cells break down and recycle proteins DJ-1-normally helps control gene activity and protect cells from oxidative stress PINK1-when it is mutated it increases vulnerability to cellular stress LRRK2-linked to late onset of familial PD and a small percentage in sporadic PD Why do cells degenerate?3. Aging In some individuals, the normal, age-related wearing away of dopamine-producing neurons accelerates. This theory is supported by the fact that the loss of antioxidative protective mechanisms is associated with both Parkinsons disease and increasing age. NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) detoxication enzyme catalyses the two-electron reduction of DAQs into DAhydroquinone, a relatively redox stable