How Cells Release Energy - Link to UnitLink to UnitLink to Unit 细胞如何释放能量链接单元单元链接单元.pptVIP

How Cells Release Energy Glycolysis Cell Respiration Fermentation Glycolysis “Glucose breaking” 10 reactions that break glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid Occurs in the cytoplasm Energy yield = 2 ATP What is glucose? 6-carbon sugar (monosaccharide) Main source of energy for most cells What is pyruvic acid? 3-carbon sugar Starting matter for most biosynthetic pathways What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate Temporary energy storage molecule Glucose Activation: 1st half of glycolysis Phosphorylation by ATP allows enzyme to act on glucose and allows it to split into two PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehye) molecules. Energy expended as 2 ATP 2nd Half of Glycolysis 2 NAD+ reduced to NADH = storing energy for later use. 4 ADP converted to ATP Net yield = 2nd Half of Glycolysis 2 NAD+ reduced to NADH = storing energy for later use. 4 ADP converted to ATP Net yield = 2 ATP 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid (3 carbon sugar molecule) Fermentation Anaerobic respiration = occurs in the absence of oxygen. Oxidize NADH to NAD+ No yield of additional ATP – very inefficient! 2 major pathways: Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Carried out by yeast Used to make beer and bread Yeast coverts pyruvic acid to ethanol and CO2. Lactic Acid Fermentation Bacteria Animal cells deprived of O2 Common during periods of intense exercise May occur in cancer cells May occur in times of stress Anaerobic Respiration Inorganic molecules act as electron acceptors. 3 common ones: nitrate (NO3-); sulfate (SO42-); and Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carried out by bacteria called facultative anaerobes Cell (aerobic) Respiration Requires oxygen to complete the breakdown of pyruvic acid Occurs in the mitochondria Provides an additional 34 ATP in animal cells 3 stages: Acetyl CoA formation Krebs cycle Respiratory chain Acetyl CoA Formation Pyruvic acid loses a molecule of CO2 as NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The molecule that remains is called Acetyl coenzyme This enters the Kreb’s c