Frequency Effects in the Lexical Diffusion of ：“词汇扩散的频率的影响.pptVIP

Frequency Effects in the Lexical Diffusion of Phonological Change Betty S. Phillips, Indiana State U. bettyphillips@LSA Summer Institute Workshop on Variation, Gradience, and Frequency in Phonology, 6-8 July 2007, Stanford U. Lexical Diffusion Definition:Chen and Wang (1975): “a phonological rule gradually extends its scope of operation to a larger and larger portion of the lexicon, until all relevant items have been transformed by the process.” That lexical diffusion is sporadic That it always affects the most frequent words first. That lexically diffused changes show no clear phonetic conditioning That phonetically regular changes are productive, whereas lexically diffused changes are not. That lexical diffusion affects only phonetically abrupt changes associated with lexical rather than postlexical rules That word frequency is independent of word class. That analogy and borrowing suffice to account for lexical diffusion That age of acquisition or discourse factors account for patterns of lexical diffusion.  That frequency effects are found over a population of speakers but not within individual speakers. That either lexical diffusion is the diffusion of a completed sound change OR all phonological change starts with lexical diffusion and most ends up Neogrammarian, given enough time Misunderstanding #1 That lexical diffusion is sporadic  E.g., Hinskens (1998: 169): Although variable by nature, Neogrammarian sound change is pre-eminently systematic and recurrent i.e. regular, as there are no lexical exceptions. Lexically diffuse and lexicalized sound change bring about non-systematic but recurrent facts (Lloret 1997), which are only partially regular, hence sporadic. One clear way in which lexical diffusion is not at all random: Word Frequency Effects Rarely-used words drag behind; very frequently used ones hurry ahead. Exceptions to the sound laws are formed in both groups. -- Schuchardt (1885: 58) “A cursory glance at the newspapers sugg