Gauss’ Law - Wake Forest University：高斯定律-维克森林大学.pptVIP

Announcements Monday guest lecturer: Dr. Fred Salsbury. Solutions now available online. Will strive to post lecture notes before class. May be different from what you see in class. Gauss’s Law Applications of Gauss’s Law Gauss’s law is always valid. Gauss’s law is not always useful. Most useful in high-symmetry problems where E is uniform in magnitude over all surfaces it penetrates. …and “cute” problems. Application to Charge Distributions Choosing a Gaussian Surface: The field over the surface is constant through symmetry. The field, E and the surface vector, dA are parallel simplifying the dot product to an algebraic product. … or they are perpendicular, making the dot product zero. The field is zero over the surface. Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution Line of Charge – Cylindrical Symmetry Insulating Plane of Charge ConcepTest Conductors in Equilibrium Put a conductor in an electric field. The free electrons inside the conductor will accelerate in the opposite direction of the field lines. As the negative and positive charges separate, an internal field opposing the external field will be established. The acceleration of charges will continue until the internal field cancels out the external field and the conductor will reach electrostatic equilibrium. The electric field is zero everywhere inside a conductor at electrostatic equilibrium. Conductors and Gauss’s Law Take a Gaussian surface inside a conductor that is arbitrarily close to the surface. Since the electric field inside the conductor (and hence on the Gaussian surface) is zero, there is no net charge inside the surface. Since the surface is arbitrary, and can be made infinitesimally close to the outer surface of the conductor, any net charge on a conductor will reside on the surface. Conductors and Gauss’s Law Conductors and Gauss’ Law The electric field is zero everywhere inside a conductor at electrostatic equilibrium. Any net charge on a conductor will reside on the surface. The electric fi