DSM-IVNicotineWithdrawalandAlcoholDependence…DSM-IV尼古丁戒断酒精依赖….pptVIP

DSM-IV Nicotine Withdrawal and Alcohol Dependence: Association Findings withthe Nicotinic Acetylcholine Alpha-3, Alpha-5, Beta-4 Receptor Gene Clusterin Australian Families Michele L. Pergadia1, Arpana Agrawal1, Andrew C. Heath1, Scott Saccone1, Jen C. Wang1, Grant W. Montgomery2, Alexandre A. Todorov1, Alison Goate1, John Rice1, Jaakko Kaprio3, Richard D. Todd1, Nicholas G. Martin2, and Pamela A. F. Madden1 1Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A. 2Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australia 3 University of Helsinki, Finland Introduction: Smoking/Nicotine Withdrawal 25% of the US adult population continues to smoke (CDC, 2002). Over 50% of smokers report symptoms of nicotine withdrawal after they quit or cut-down (Breslau et al., 1992; Pergadia et al., 2006). Up to 47% of the variance in nicotine withdrawal can be accounted for by genetic factors (Pergadia et al., 2006). Introduction: Alcohol Use Problems 19% of the US adult population has experienced an alcohol use disorder at some point in their life (Kessler et al., 2005). Up to 47% of the variance in alcohol dependence may be accounted for by genetic influences, even after controlling for demographics and co-morbid psychopathology (Knopik et al., 2004). Introduction: Nicotine and Alcohol Use Problems Increasing levels of nicotine withdrawal severity are associated with increased risk of alcohol dependence (Breslau et al., 1992; Madden et al., 1997; Xian et al., 2004). There is evidence for genetic overlap between nicotine dependence and alcohol dependence in men (Madden et al., Guze 2006; True et al., 1999), and for genetic overlap between history of smoking and alcohol intoxication, especially in women (Madden et al., 1997). Even after accounting for regular smoking, significant phenotypic (r = .15) and genetic overlap (rg = .26) is found between nicotine withdrawal and alcohol dependence, suggesting that some additional genetic factors might be