清代徽州文会运作及其科举功能.docVIP

清代徽州文会运作及其科举功能 　　摘 要：清代徽州文会是专为读书人而设的文人组织，数量众多。就其类型而言，以血缘性的宗族文会为主体，地缘性的社区文会、合都文会也为数可观。清代徽州文会的资产主要分为田和钱两种形态，其来源有集资入股、乐输捐助及付喜庆银等其他出银形式。为保证会产增殖，文会购置并出租田地屋店，还以“打会”形式将银钱借给会员收取利息。围绕会产的管理与使用，文会制定了严格的措施并根据形势的变化不断加以调整。清代徽州文会的功能集中在科举方面，日常活动以会课为主，训练士人参加科举考试的技巧，帮助他们熟悉科举考试的环节。文会资产则主要用来奖助科考，为士人提供盘费。文会的正常运转有力地推动了清代徽州科举的兴盛。 　　中图分类号：K249.3 　　文献标志码：A 　　文章编号2017 　　关键词：徽州；文会；科举；宗族 　　Abstract：In the Qing Dynasty， the Huizhou literary society was a literary organization specially designed for the intellectuals， who were numerous. As far as its type was concerned， it would be a considerable number of people among whom the kinship clan would be the main body， and the geographical Community Culture Association would be the same. In the Qing Dynasty， the assets of the Huizhou Cultural Association were mainly divided into two types：farmland and money. The sources of the assets were as follows：raising funds to buy shares， making donations and paying for celebrations. In order to appreciate its assets， the Huizhou literary society purchased and rented out housing and land， as well as lent the money to members and get interests in the form of play. Around the management and use of the assets， the Huizhou literary society developed strict measures and constantly adjusted according to changes in the situation. The functions of the Huizhou literary society in the Qing Dynasty focused on the imperial examination， which started daily activities in class， trained scholars in the imperial examination skills， helped them be familiar with imperial examination， and the asset was mainly used to provide grants for their expeditions. The normal operation of the Huizhou literary society strongly promoted the prosperity of imperial examination in Huizhou in the Qing Dynasty 　　文??在明清徽州各地广泛存在，如黟县乡村“多有斯文之会，但不尽党庠之人”[1]卷3，27。文会一般拥有固定的场所，与宗祠、社屋、水口共同构成徽州乡村社会的文化景观，所谓“乡有祠，有社，有文会，有水口”是也。① 　　文会具备明清徽州会社运作的一般特点，其“置会有地，进会有礼，立会有条，司会有人，交会有际” [2]考卷5，93。不但类型多样、功能多重，并且发展成为官方系统之外的一种乡村社会组织。 　　学术界已对明清徽州文