章脑节律和睡眠韩国科学技术院ppt课件.pptVIP

Bear: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 3e;Introduction;The Electroencephalogram;Recording Brain Waves Electrodes to scalp, low-resistance connection Connected to banks of amplifiers and recording devices Voltage fluctuations measured (tens of microvolts) Electrode pairs: Measure different brain regions Set of simultaneous squiggles, voltage changes between electrode pairs;EEG Fluctuations and Oscillations ;Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Recording miniscule magnetic signals generated by neural activity Comparison with EEG, fMRI, PET MEG localizes sources of neural activity better than EEG MEG cannot provide detailed images of fMRI EEG, MEG? measure neuron activity, fMRI, PET? changes in blood flow, metabolism ;EEG Rhythms Categorization of rhythms based on frequency Beta: Greater than 14 Hz, activated cortex Alpha: 8-13 Hz, quiet, waking state Theta: 4-7 Hz, some sleep states Delta: Less than 4 Hz, deep sleep Deep Sleep High synchrony, high EEG amplitude;Mechanisms and Meanings of Brain Rhythms Synchronized oscillation mechanisms Central clock/Pacemaker Collective methods (“jam session”) Thalamus? massive cortical input? influence cortex Neuronal oscillations Voltage-gated ion channels ;Functions of Brain Rhythms Scarcity of data? No satisfactory answers Hypotheses Brain’s way of disconnecting cortex from sensory input No direct function, by-products of strongly interconnected circuits Walter Freeman Neural rhythms coordinate activity, synchronize oscillations, bind together ;The Seizures of Epilepsy Epilepsy: Repeated seizures Causes: Tumor, trauma, infection, vascular disease, many cases unknown Generalized: Entire cerebral cortex, complete behavior disruption, consciousness loss Partial: Circumscribed cortex area, abnormal sensation or aura Absence: Less than 30 sec of generalized, 3 Hz EEG waves;Sleep Universal among higher vertebrates Sleep deprivation, devastating One-third of lives in sleep state Defined: “Sleep is a readily reversible state of reduced res