第十五节：communicating商议.pptVIP

第十五章：Communicating 沟通 人际沟通是管理者的基本技能之一，本章对沟通的基本理论作了一个介绍。主要内容包括：人际沟通、提高沟通技能、组织沟通这三部分。 第一节：Interpersonal communication人际沟通 Communication The transmission of information and meaning from one party to another through the use of shared symbols. 沟通：指信息和意思通过共有的符号从一方传递到另一方。 The sender initiates the process by conveying information to the receiver. The sender has a meaning he or she wishes to communicate and encodes the meaning into symbols. Then the sender sends the message through some channel. 沟通过程从发送者开始，他把信息传递给接收者，发送者将需要沟通的信息编码成符号（语言），然后通过某种渠道（口头、书面）传递给接收者。 The receive decodes the message and attempts to interpret the sender’s meaning. The receiver may provide feedback to the sender by encoding a message in response to the sender’s message. 接收者解码收到的信息，并解释发送者的意思。接收者可能对发送者提供反馈，以作为对发送者的信息的反应。 1 One-way versus two-way communication单向与双向沟通 One-way communication A process in which information flows in only one direction—from the sender to the receiver, with no feedback loop. 单向沟通：信息朝着一个方向流动—从发送者到接收者，而没有反馈。 Two-way communication A process in which information flows in two directions—the receiver provides feedback and the sender is receptive to the feedback. 双向沟通：信息朝着两个方向流动—接收者提供反馈并且发送者接收了反馈。 One-way communication is much more common than it should be because it is faster and easier for the sender.The busy executive finds it easier to dash off a memo than to discuss the issue with the subordinate. 人们通常使用单向沟通，因为对发送者来说，他更快更容易。忙碌的管理者发现下发一个备忘录比与下属一起讨论更容易。 Two-way communication is more difficult and time-consuming than one-way communication. However, it is more accurate; fewer mistakes occur and fewer problems arise. 双向沟通比单向沟通更困难并且花时间，可是，双向沟通更准确，错误和问题更少。 Communication pitfalls沟通陷阱 Errors can occur in all stages of the communication process. In the encoding stage, worlds can be misused, decimal points typed in the wrong places, facts left out, or ambiguous phrases inserted. 在沟通的每个阶段都可能出错。在编码阶段，可能会用错字、小数点点错了地方、漏掉了一些事实或插入了一些模糊的段落。 In the transmission stage, a memo gets lost on a