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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever What is Viral Hemorrhagic Fever? Severe multisystem syndrome ? Damage to overall vascular system Symptoms often accompanied by hemorrhage Rarely life threatening in itself Includes conjunctivitis, petechia, echymosis Overview Organism History Epidemiology Transmission Disease in Humans Disease in Animals Prevention and Control The Organisms Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses of four distinct families Arenaviruses Filoviruses Bunyaviruses Flaviviruses RNA viruses Enveloped in lipid coating Survival dependent on an animal or insect host, for the natural reservoir Classification Arenaviridae Junin virus Machupo virus Guanarito virus Lassa virus Sabia virus Arenaviridae History First isolated in 1933 1958: Junin virus - Argentina First to cause hemorrhagic fever Argentine hemorrhagic fever 1963: Machupo virus – Bolivia Bolivian hemorrhagic fever 1969: Lassa virus – Nigeria Lassa fever Arenaviridae Transmission Virus transmission and amplification occurs in rodents Shed virus through urine, feces, and other excreta Human infection Contact with excreta Contaminated materials Aerosol transmission Person-to-person transmission Arenaviridae Epidemiology Africa Lassa South America Junin, Machupo, Guanarito, and Sabia Contact with rodent excreta Case fatality: 5 – 35% Explosive nosicomial outbreaks with Lassa and Machupo Arenaviridae in Humans Incubation period 10–14 days Fever and malaise 2–4 days Hemorrhagic stage Hemorrhage, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia Neurologic signs Bunyaviridae Rift Valley Fever virus Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus Hantavirus Bunyaviridae History 1930: Rift Valley Fever – Egypt Epizootic in sheep 1940s: CCHF - Crimean peninsula Hemorrhagic fever in agricultural workers 1951: Hantavirus – Korea Hemorrhagic fever in UN troops 5 genera with over 350 viruses Bunyaviridae Transmission Arthropod vector Exception – Hantaviruses RVF – Aedes mosqu