农业土地用途的模式.pptVIP

B.2. (1) A Model of Agricultural land use 農業土地用途的模式 Von Thunen’s Model 范杜能模式 Von Thunen’s Model 范杜能模式 The first theory 首個理論 Location of various of agricultural activities 不同農業活動的位置 In Germany, early 19th century 19世紀初的德國 Observed觀察 various types of farming occurred in concentric rings around settlement不同的農業類別以同心環形態環繞聚落 Aims目的: how an why agricultural land use varies with the distance from a market怎樣及為甚麼 隨與市場距離，農業土地用途改變？ Two Basic Theories　2個基本理論 Intensity of production 生產密度 Variations of crop types不同農作物的類別 1. Intensity of production 生產密度 Intensity of production of a particular crop will decline with increasing distance from a market 農作物的生產密度會隨與市場距離增加而下降 (Intensity密度: amount of inputs per unit area of land投入在每單位土地面積的數量 ) 　　　　 2. Variations of crop types不同農作物的類別 Types of land use will vary with distance from market 土地用途會隨市場的距離而改變 Assumptions假設 1. isolated state孤立的國家 (subsistence自給自足, no external disturbance不受外界干擾) 2. sole market 只得一個市場 3. isotropic plain 均質平原(same physical conditions環境條件一樣) 4. economic man 經濟人(maximize profit with full knowledge of market賺取最大利潤，並擁有所有市場資料) 5. only one form of transport只有一種交通工具 6. cost of transport is directly proportional to distance運輸費會按比例隨距離增加而遞增 Principle原則: RENT is the determining factor租值就是決定因素 　(economic rent經濟租值/ locational rent區位租值) Rent租值/ Net Return淨回報: : revenue利潤- cost成本 Revenue 利潤(price市值 x amount產量) / Total cost 總成本(production生產 + transportation運輸) When當: RC (surplus盈利)- production continues繼續生產 R=C limit/ margin of production 生產邊線 RC (deficit赤字)- no more production 停止生產 Revenue: same price of a particular crop同類農作物的市值是一樣 Costs - same production cost of a particular crop同類農作物的生產成本相同 - transport cost increases with increasing weight/ distance from market - 運輸費用隨重量及距離增加而上升 Therefore因此, rent decreases with the distance from the market 租值會隨市場的距離遞減 Model. 1 Distance Decay function隨距遞減 Distance decay of the intensity of production of a particular crop 生產農作物的密度會隨距遞減 啡先生的區位租值較低 因為運費較高 DIMINISHING MARGINAL RET