试探讨古代埃及法老与维西尔关系.docVIP

试探讨古代埃及法老与维西尔关系 　　内容提要 目前许多古代埃及书籍和专题研究中都经常提及维西尔这个封号，他在古代埃及中央负责行政的职能，其地位仅次于法老。维西尔不仅控制全国各部门的行政，更逐渐演变为一股强大势力，直接影响到法老的皇位，在埃及历史上扮演着重要角色。首先，从大量考古碑文和文献所显现出维西尔和法老的复杂关系，使我们得以深入了解古代埃及政府和皇室的行政结构及其运作情状。其次，此研究是为了揭露古王国的维西尔如何瓦解中央政府，以及半自治家族如何在上埃及诺姆兴起的过程。这可能表示许多皇室成员已经不必负责中央行政的工作，而是由强大的地方、各地家族来代替皇室人员的职务。尤其是维西尔可命令全国所有部门的大大小小的官员。这个明显的趋势持续发展，到了新王国时期，维西尔也成为全国政府体系中最具有权力的人物，能够控制全国所有的活动，包括财政、法律、行政和宗教。 　　关 键 词 古代埃及；法老；维西尔；古王国；新王国 　　文章编号：1673－5161（2006）04－0060－05 　　中图分类号：G371 　　文献标识码：A 　　作者简介 杨叶生，硕士，香港中文大学校外专业进修学院兼任导师(香港特别行政区)。 　　Abstract By nowadays, a large number of ancient Egyptian books and articles always mention the title of the Vizier, the second highest executive and administrative position in the ancient Egypt central government. Not only did the Vizier play an important role in Egyptian history, but also indicated a tendency towards decline the authority and power of the Pharaoh, and related extension in the influence of officials on the ruling of the entire kingdom. First, it is realized that the sophisticated relationship between Viziers and Pharaohs provided by the plenty of archaeological inscriptions and texts in which we can understand the developing broader view of the structure of the ancient Egyptian government and palace, as well as comprehend the operation and administration of bureaucrats. Second, this study of the Viziers in the Old Kingdom is to come to light the disintegration of the central authority and the rise of semi-autonomous families in nomes of the Upper Egypt. It represents the possibility the members of the royal family no longer took responsibilities for the administration of the central authority, but the mighty families of provinces supplant them, especially in the position of the Vizier, who had power of command over other officials of various department. Therefore, this tendency obviously began developing towards the period of the New Kingdom, and thus the position of the Vizier, the most powerful role in the machinery of government, can contr