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A history of public debt in Australia
1
Katrina Di Marco, Mitchell Pirie and Wilson Au-Yeung
Understanding debt and its historical trends is important, as the level of debt provides one
measure of the strength of public finances. Levels of public sector borrowing fluctuate in line with
the economic cycle and the budget position. This paper briefly describes the various measures
of debt and trends in government borrowing.
1 The authors are from the Budget Policy Division, the Australian Treasury. This article has
benefited from the contributions and comments of Jason Allford, Derek Bazen, Jan Harris,
Karen Incher, Luise McCulloch, Tony McDonald, Robert Seaton and Gene Tunny. Timothy
McGuire provided research assistance. The views in this article are the views of the authors
and not necessarily those of the Australian Treasury.
1
A history of public debt in Australia
Introduction
Understanding debt and its historical trends is important, as the level of debt provides
one measure of the strength of public finances. Governments’ borrowings to finance a
budget deficit are collectively referred to as public debt. Over time, government
borrowings add to the stock of public debt, but may finance things such as purchases
of assets.
This article provides a brief analysis of Australia’s public debt. It describes the various
ways of measuring public debt and what these measures tell us about the strength of
the government’s finances. The article summarises the history of Australia’s public
debt, for both the Australian and State governments.
Concepts of debt
Before analysing historical trends in Australia’s public debt, it i
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