paraphrasing and essay introduction写作练习.docVIP

Paraphrasing (改写，释义) Effective paraphrasing is vital in academic writing to avoid the risk of plagiarism. Paraphrasing does not aim to shorten the length of a text, merely to restate it. A good paraphrase is significantly different from the wording (用词，措辞) of the original, without changing the meaning at all. 练习： 1. Read the text below and then decide which is the better paraphrase, (a) or (b) 原文： Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself. a) The sudden ending of Egyptian civilization over 4,000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south. Without the regular river flooding there would not have been enough food. b) Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began. 2. Paraphrase the paragraphs as fully as possible. Paragraph 1 FOUR WHEELS GOOD The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the industry developed ‘planned obsolescence’, whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Later, from the 1970s, environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming. At this time, trades unions became increasin