能量代谢的因素。 3．熟悉能量代谢的测定原理和计算方法。 ….ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Age Emotional stress Muscle activity Food, drugs Physiological changes of the body temperature Important to maintain a stable body temperature Core Temperature (℃) Symptoms 28 muscle failure 30 loss of body temperature control 33 loss of consciousness 37 normal 42 central nervous system breakdown 44 death Temperature regulation Body temperature is controlled by balancing heat production against heat loss Heat production Major organs of heat production in the body Percentage in body weight Percentage in At rest heat-production During labor The brain 2.5 16 1 The internal organs (i.e. liver and spleen, etc.) 34 56 8 The muscle & skin 56 18 90 The Others 7.5 10 1 Heat production Modes of heat-production Shivering thermogenesis Non-shivering thermogenesis Control of thermogenesis Thyroxine, catecholamines, and GH Sympathetic nervous system Shivering thermogenesis Reflex change (shivering thermogenesis) consists of rhythmic, oscillating skeletal muscle contractions primary controlled by hypothalamus Nonshivering thermogenesis occurs in brown adipose tissue (brown fat) that is present in human infants and hibernating mammals is mediated by sympathetic stimulation and thyroid hormone Heat loss By the skin By expiration, urination, and defecation By panting Heat is mainly lost from the skin How is heat lost from the skin surface? Radiation: 60% The emission of heat energy from the surface of a warm body in the form of electromagnetic waves, or heat waves The human body both emits and absorbs radiant energy How is heat lost from the skin surface? Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects of differing temperatures that are in direct contact with each other The rate of heat transfer by conduction depends on the temperature difference between the touching objects and the thermal conductivity of the substances involved How is heat lost from the skin surface? Convection transfer of heat energy by ai