肠道菌群与糖尿病、肥胖精编.ppt

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肠道菌群与糖尿病、肥胖精编.ppt

① 无卡路里人工甜味剂(NAS,本研究中采用有糖精、 三氯蔗糖和阿斯巴甜)常被用作食品添加剂,因其低卡路里含量,摄入NAS被认为安全且有益健康;② NAS可造成肠道菌群组成及功能的改变,从而引起葡萄糖耐受不良的发展;③ NAS介导的有害代谢影响可通过使用抗生素消除,将摄入NAS小鼠的菌群移植给无菌小鼠后可转移有害表型,移植在NAS存在下无氧培养的菌群也有相似效果;④ NAS改变的菌群代谢通路与宿主对代谢疾病的易感性相关。 ① 尼古丁以依赖性别的方式影响中枢神经系统的活动;粪便中的多种神经递质(如谷氨酸,GABA和甘氨酸)在雌性和雄性小鼠中发生不同的变化,亮氨酸和尿酸等神经活性代谢物也被改变。 ② 在雌性和雄性小鼠中,尼古丁造成的肠道菌群组成变化存在差异;③ 尼古丁干预的雄性小鼠中,细菌碳水化合物代谢途径的差异性改变与较低的体重增加一致;氧化应激反应和DNA修复基因也在这些小鼠肠道菌群中特异性富集;④ Cell. 2017 Dec 14;171(7):1481-1493. Our Gut Microbiome: The Evolving Inner Self. The Gut Microbiome in Aging Aging is accompanied by significant changes in lifestyle, such as decreased locomotion, nutritional changes, chronic consumption of medications, and in some cases, change in residential status. It is yet to be fully determined whether these factors lead to microbiome shifts that further support aging-related deterioration or the personalized microbiome itself dictates some of the physiological responses to the changing environment with aging. The general expansion of Bacteriodetes at the expense of Firmicutes phyla was observed in individuals over 65 years, in particular the reduced richness of the phyla Proteobacteria and Lentisphaerae and the genera Bacteroides and Parabacteroides. Microbiome-associated metabolites, such as vitamins B7 and B12, creatine and creatinine, and their biosynthetic pathways, are reduced in aging, contributing to muscle atrophy and frailty. The microbiomes of individuals living in long-term residential care are significantly different than those of community-dwelling elderly people, most likely due to nutritional regimes richer in fiber in the community-living group, which is further supported by enriched short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis genes in this group. In contrast, a low-fiber diet correlates with increased inflammatory state and frailty. In mice, caloric restriction correlates negatively with blood LPS levels and frailty and positively with Lactobacillus levels. In semi-supercentenarians, a core microbiome with enriche

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