发动机滑动轴承用无铅铜基复合材料的研究-材料学专业论文.docxVIP

摘 要 铜铅合金以其良好的耐磨性和抗疲劳强度被广泛应用于发动机滑动轴承材 料。然而，随着工业和交通业的迅猛发展，铅污染日趋严重，并且正在威胁着人 类的健康。本文选用镀铜石墨和机械合金化法制备的铜锡合金粉，采用粉末冶金 法烧结制备了石墨/铜合金复合材料，以期代替铜铅合金，实现发动机滑动轴承 材料的无铅化，开发出新型无铅轴承合金。并且系统性研究了石墨表面镀铜，机 械合金化法制备铜锡合金，以及不同石墨、合金成分对石墨/铜合金复合材料物 理性能、力学性能和摩擦性能的影响，并对发动机滑动轴承材料无铅化的机理做 了进一步的探讨。 本文采用化学法对石墨表面包覆致密的纳米铜镀层，从而有效地解决石墨与 铜合金基体浸润性差的问题。然后，采用机械合金化法制备铜锡合金，从而有效 的控制合金的成分、含量和均匀性。最后，通过粉末冶金法烧结制备出石墨/铜 合金复合材料。本文结合光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X 射线衍射 仪(XRD)分析探讨了石墨表面镀铜、机械合金化法制备铜锡合金粉和粉末冶金制 备石墨/铜合金复合材料过程中材料的金相组织、显微形貌及物相的变化；通过 密度分析、摩擦实验和硬度检测分析了石墨、Bi 元素、稀土氧化物对铜锡合金 的组织和性能的影响。结果表明石墨、Bi 元素、稀土氧化物的加入可以提高石 墨/铜合金复合材料的强度和耐磨性，有效的避免了材料中铅的用量。 关键词：铜铅合金；机械合金化；粉末冶金；石墨/铜基复合材料；无铅轴承合 金 ABSTRACT Copper-lead alloys are widely used in Engine bearing materials due to its excellent wear resistance and fatigue strength. However, with the rapid development of industrial and transportation industries, lead pollution is getting worse and threatening human health. In this paper, we selected the graphite coating with copper and copper-tin alloy preparing by mechanical alloying, and used powder metallurgy sintering graphite/copper alloy composites. We hoped graphite/copper alloy composites replace the copper-lead alloy, and developed a new kind of lead-free bearing alloy using on engine bearing. Meanwhile, we systematic studied the graphite surface coating with copper and copper-tin alloy preparing by mechanical alloying; the graphite/copper alloy composite material physical properties, mechanical properties and friction properties were influenced by different contents of graphite and alloy composition. Furthermore, we discussed the mechanism of lead-free bearing alloy. We used chemical method which coated nano-copper on graphite, in order to effectively solve the problem of poor wettability of graphite and copper alloy matrix. Then, we used mechanical alloying for preparing copper-tin alloys, which can control the alloy composition, content and homogeneity. Finally, the graphite/copper alloy composites were prepared by powder metallurgy sinter