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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. 22, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010 1345
A Survey on Transfer Learning
Sinno Jialin Pan and Qiang Yang, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—A major assumption in many machine learning and data mining algorithms is that the training and future data must be in the
same feature space and have the same distribution. However, in many real-world applications, this assumption may not hold. For
example, we sometimes have a classification task in one domain of interest, but we only have sufficient training data in another domain
of interest, where the latter data may be in a different feature space or follow a different data distribution. In such cases, knowledge
transfer, if done successfully, would greatly improve the performance of learning by avoiding much expensive data-labeling efforts. In
recent years, transfer learning has emerged as a new learning framework to address this problem. This survey focuses on categorizing
and reviewing the current progress on transfer learning for classification, regression, and clustering problems. In this survey, we
discuss the relationship between transfer learning and other related machine learning techniques such as domain adaptation, multitask
learning and sample selection bias, as well as covariate shift. We also explore some potential future issues in transfer learning
research.
Index Terms—Transfer learning, survey, machine learning, data mining.
Ç
1 INTRODUCTION
ATA mining and machine learning technologies have The need for transfer learning may arise when the data
Dalready achieved significant success in many knowl- can be easily out
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