网络协议分析课件Chapter9.ppt

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How to determine the packet has arrived at the destination host? Method 1:use the ICMP port-unreachable message (1) The source sends the IP datagram in which an UDP message is encapsulated. It sets the destination port to the uncommonly used port and constructs the IP header according to the principle of Traceroute. (2) The routers in the way return an ICMP time-exceeded message. (3) The destination returns an ICMP port-unreachable message. Method 2:use the ICMP echo message The detective message encapsulates an ICMP ECHO request message in the IP datagram, intermediate routers return an ICMP time-exceeded message, the destination returns an ICMP ECHO REPLY message. The source judges whether the datagram has reached the destination according to returned message type. The source sends three message for each hop and records the round-trip time. We use the traceroute program to find the route from the computer to the server . The following shows the result. Example 9.4 In this example, we trace a longer route, the route to . The following is a partial listing. Example 9.5 An interesting point is that a host can send a traceroute packet to itself. This can be done by specifying the host as the destination. The packet goes to the loopback address as we expect. Example 9.6 Finally, we use the traceroute program to find the route between and (McGraw-Hill server). We notice that we cannot find the whole route. When traceroute does not receive a response within 5 seconds, it prints an asterisk to signify a problem (not the case in this example), and then tries the next hop. Example 9.7 Chapter Outline 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Messages Error reporting messages Query messages 9.3 Debugging Tools Ping traceroute 9.4 ICMP Package Figure 9.16 ICMP package Summary ICMP is a supplement to IP protocol; ICMP messages are divided into two categories: error-reporting messages and query messages; The purpose of two categories messages. Calculation of the checksum

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