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Demon Possession in the Greco-Roman World A Term …
Demon Possession in the Greco-Roman World
____________________
A Term Paper
Presented to Professor Richard Oster
Harding Graduate School of Religion
Memphis, Tennessee
____________________
by
Alan B. Howell
Fall 2001
1
In the Greco-Roman world the importance of the
spiritual realm was expressed in daily life through
religion.1 MacMullen notes that everyone believed in a
spiritual reality, and “‘spirits’ or however they may be
2
termed could, be found everywhere.” As we attempt to
understand this spiritual realm around the time that the
New Testament was written, one confusing aspect is
determining the position of the δαιµονιον or the demons in
the typical world-view.3 This paper will survey the
pagan conceptions of demons in the ancient world, focus
on the pagan understanding of demon possession and
exorcism, and conclude by examining the early Christian
view.4
Demons in the pagan worldview
Before we can accurately deal with the topic of
1Hans-Josef Klauck, The Religious Context of Early
Christianity, Studies of the New Testament and Its World, trans.
Brian McNeil (Edinburgh: T T Clark, 2000), 12.
2Ramsay MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1981) 82.
3Frederick E. Brenk, “In the Light of the Moon: Demonology in
the Early Imperial Period,” in Aufstieg und Neidergang der romischen
Welt, ed. Hildegard Temporini und Wolfgang Haase (Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter, 1980), 2:16:3:2069.
4This paper, while lightly touching on the Jewish backgrounds,
will slant toward the pagan understanding of the demonic. For a
survey of the understanding of demons and exor
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