全面二孩政策下中国儿童照料可及性研究.docVIP

全面二孩政策下中国儿童照料可及性研究 　　摘要：“全面二孩”政策实施后我国大多数女性都可以生育两个孩子。然而，对于有年幼孩子的母亲来说，如果没有儿童照料的相应支持，平衡生育、家庭照料及参与市场劳动时有困难。我国儿童照料市场状况呈现出以下特征：公立儿童照料市场供给不足，城乡地区差异显著；私立儿童照料市场发展良莠不齐，照料质量有待提高；0―3岁儿童主要依赖非正式照料安排，公共日常照料配备基本处于缺位状态，私立儿童照料市场不受重视且存在明显区域差异。通过分析、借鉴国外发达国家提高儿童照料可及性的政策与实践经验，认为增加对儿童照料的公共财政支持；建立家庭友好的工作政策，加强劳动力市场管制；注重文化的力量，增进男女平等观念建立，可以创造一种社会环境，在此环境中妇女参与市场劳动和生育是可以兼容的。 　　关键词：儿童照料可及性；生育；妇女劳动供给；国际经验 　　中图分类号：C92-05文献标识码：A文章编号：1000-4149（2018）03-0013-12 　　DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2018.03.002 　　Abstract：Couples in China can have two children after comprehensive twochild policy.However， it is more difficult the mothers with young children to balance family care and her career if there is no corresponding support of childcare.Childcare in China presents the following characteristics： public childcare assistant is no enough， and there exists significant differences between urban and rural. The development of the private childcare is uneven and the quality of childcare need to be improved. The care of the children younger than 3 years old relies on the informal care arrangements， the public daycare supply is in the absence while the private childcare market exists obvious regional difference. Analyzing and drawing lessons from policies and practice experiences of childcare in the developed countries，the paper argues that the situation could be improved by increasing public financial support， establishing familyfriendly policy， strengthening the labor market regulation. Paying attention to the power of culture， and promoting the concept of equality between men and women could help women balance their participation in labour market and fertility preference. 　　Keywords：childcare accessibility；fertility；female labour supply；international experiences 　　一、引言 　　自我20世纪80年代严格实施计划生育政策以来，到目前人口环境已发生显著变化。但生育水平长期走低，总和生育率从1950年的6.11下降到2015年的1.05，已长期低于2.1的人口替代水平；潜在劳动人口数急剧减少，老龄化加速推进，0―14岁年龄人口占总人口比例从1953年的38.28%下降到2015年的16.5%，65岁及以上人口占总人口比例则从4.41%上升到10.5%；核心家庭的增多，加重了家庭养老负担并弱化了其抗风险能力，老年抚养比从1982年的7.98%上升到2