原型理论说明英文pt课件.pptVIP

Prototype theory;What is the prototype theory? The development of the prototype theory. Prototype theory in English Learning andTeaching case analysis;The prototype theory is a cognitive science theory developed by Eleanor Rosch in the early 1970s, with help of other experts in the field of cognitive psychology. In Roschs theory, people categorize items and concepts based on a prototype or ideal representation of that category. For example, the concept of dog is often characterized by fur, a tail, and paws. When discussing or thinking about dogs, people think of classic, stereotypical examples such as collies or spaniels, because these represent the prototype. While a wolf or coyote might also meet the criteria of a dog, these animals are not prototypical of a dog. ;柯利牧羊犬;西班牙猎犬;According to the prototype theory, certain features of a category have equal status, and thus, examples that represent all or most of those features become the prototype for that category. Items that do not share the majority of these features may still belong to that category, but do not represent the prototype. Consider a category such as furniture. Features of furniture include wood, upholstery, seating, storage capacity, legs and arms, among many others. ;Chairs may, to some individuals, be prototypical because these items of furniture have a majority of the common furniture features. A footstool, on the other hand, may not serve as a prototype because, while it has some common furniture features, it does not have a majority of those features. How each person applies prototype theory to categorizing concepts and language varies based on experience and cognitive development, although many individuals share similar categorizations. ;3 stages;;A famous British anthropologist. In 1890 Fraser published a landmark book called 《jinzhi》.This work is considered to be the foundation of prototype theory.Fraser put forward an extremely significant formula: magic - religious - science. He