神 经 病 学 总论(2016年制英文).ppt

* * * * * * Intercalated:插入的 扣诊槌：plexor, plessor * Cremasteric: 提睾肌的 testis:睾丸 Stroke:Vt. 划线，抚摸 Thigh(θai): 大腿、股 * Plessor:扣诊棰 Jerk:反射 Ankle:踝（关节） Knock: 敲打 * 足背：dorsum of foot 足底：planta of foot 跟腱；heel 腓肠肌：calf 胫骨前肌肉：ant. tibial m. Squeeze:挤压 Stroke: 划 * Section 3 motor system  Cerebellum and Ataxia (3)?? Sensory ataxia The deep sensation impulses from the post. column of the spinal cord also run to the cerebellar vermis through the spinocerebellar tract to participate in keeping the balance of the body in the space. Therefore, lesion of the post. column of the spinal cord may cause disturbance of deep sensation and sensory ataxia. The patient has difficult to stand steadily, esp. in the dark or when the patient closes his eyes (Romberg’s sign). Often seen in neurosyphilis and spinal combined degeneration. Section 3 motor system  Cerebellum and Ataxia (4)?? Vestibular ataxia The vestibulocerebellar tract carries impulses from the vestibular nuclei to the flocculonodular lobe also to participate in keeping the balance of the body in the space and the move-ment of the eyes. Therefore, lesion of the vestibular system may cause vestibular ataxia. The main symptom of vestibular ataxia is equilibrium but usually with the characteristic of vertigo, vomiting and nystagmus. Section 4 Reflex system  The structural basis of a reflex is the reflex arch which consists of receptor, afferent nerve, reflex center (intercalated neuron), efferent nerve, and effector. Each reflex has its own reflex arch, so reflexes are extremely important in the diagnosis and localization of the neurological lesions. The reflexes may be divided into 3 groups: superficial reflexes, deep reflexes and pathological reflexes. Pharyngeal reflex medulla oblongata(IX,X) Abdominal reflex (upper) T7, 8 (middle) T9, 10