病理学含腔病理学.pptVIP

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病理学含腔病理学.ppt

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病理学含腔病理学

Genetics Molecular composition of chromosomes – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Chromosomes contain DNA DNA contains the basic code or template that carries all genetic information The basic unit of DNA is called a nucleotide A nucleotide is formed by a N-containing base, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate Genetics Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ref. 11 Genetics Molecular composition of chromosomes – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Four bases are found in DNA : adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) cytosine (C) These chains of polynucleotides are coiled to form a double helix structure The ratio of A/T (G/C) is always equal from bacteria to human G/C pairs = 4A/T pairs (in human) A T G C Codon Hydrogen Bond Ref. 1 Ref. 11 Genetics Double helical structure of DNA showing the bases, sugar, and phosphate connect with each other Sugar- phosphate backbone Base pairs Sugar- phosphate backbone Genetics Molecular composition of chromosomes – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Mitochondrial DNA : Found in the circular chromosome of the mitochondria Maternally inherited Passed from the mother to all her offspring regardless of sex Genetics Molecular composition of chromosomes – Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Ref. 1 There are 4 types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Heterogenous RNA (hnRNA) RNA can be found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell Genetics Molecular composition of chromosomes – Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Ref. 1 mRNA: blueprint of genetic DNA for the coding of proteins tRNA: carries message for DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm, in which proteins are produced rRNA: transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to mRNA, positioning amino acids in proper sequence to form polypeptides and hence proteins hnRNA: found within nucleus (precursor of mRNA) Genetics Transcription of DNA to RNA