消费强者选择理论.pptVIP

内容提要 消费者预算约束线表示在其收入与物品价格为既定时，它可以购买的不同物品的可能组合。预算约束线的斜率等于这些物品的相对价格 收入增加使预算约束线向外移动，一种物品价格的变动使预算约束线发生转动 * 内容提要 消费者的无差异曲线代表其偏好。无差异曲线表示能使消费者同样满足的各种物品组合。消费者对较高无差异曲线上各点的偏好大于对较低无差异曲线上的各点 任何一点上无差异曲线的斜率是消费者的边际替代率 — 消费者愿意用一种物品交换另一种物品的比率 * 内容提要 消费者通过选择既在预算约束线上又在最高无差异曲线上的一点来实现最优化。在这一点上，边际替代率等于两个物品的相对价格 当一种物品价格下降时，对消费者选择的影响可以分解为收入效应和替代效应 * 内容提要 收入效应是由于价格降低使消费者状况变好而引起的消费变动，它反映在从较低无差异曲线向较高无差异曲线的移动上 替代效应是由于价格变动鼓励更多地消费变得相对便宜的物品而引起的消费变动，它表现为沿着一条无差异曲线向有不同斜率的点的变动上 * 内容提要 消费者选择理论适用于许多情况。它可以解释为什么需求曲线有可能向右上方倾斜，为什么工资提高既可能增加也可能减少劳动供给量，为什么利率提高既可能增加也可能减少储蓄 * This chapter covers topics considered advanced for the typical principles course: budget constraints, indifference curves, household optimization, and the income and substitution effects of price changes. Most students find it more difficult than average. The first half of the chapter develops the theory. The second half applies the theory to three consumer choice problems: 1) Giffen goods and positively-sloped demand curves 2) The labor-leisure choice 3) The effects of interest rates on household saving New for 2008/2009: The first half of this PowerPoint chapter uses a different example than the text, with different numerical values. (The applications in the second half are as in the textbook.) * The two-good assumption greatly simplifies the analysis without altering the basic insights about consumer choice. If your students remember the Production Possibilities Frontier, you might tell them that a budget constraint is, in essence, a “consumption possibilities frontier” for the consumer: it shows all combinations (bundles) of the two goods that the consumer can afford to buy. A very straightforward exercise. Another straightforward problem that will not take much class time. Yet, students will learn these concepts better by figuring out for themselves how the budget line moves in response to income and price changes. Hurley has more fish at B than at A, so an extra fish would be less valuable at B than at A.