离散数学杨争锋ch013.pptxVIP

2. Translating statements involving nested quantifiers (1) Example 1 (page 44) universe discourse for x and y all real numbers ∀x ∀y (x+y=y+x)commutative law true ∀x ∃y (x+y=0)true ∀x ∀y ∀z (x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z)true associative law 牛牛文库文档分享 (2) Example 2 (page 51) ∀x ∀y ( (x0) /\ (y0)→(xy0)) universe discourseall real numbers English meaning value…….true 牛牛文库文档分享 3. The order of Quantifiers Example 3 (page 52) P(x,y)”x+y=y+x” universe of discourseall real numbers How about ∀x ∀y P(x,y)true ∀y ∀x P(x,y)true We have: ∀x ∀y P(x,y) ≡ ∀y ∀x P(x,y) 牛牛文库文档分享 (2) Example 4 (page 52) Q(x,y)”x+y=0” universe of discourseall real numbers How about ∃y ∀x Q(x,y) and∀ x ∃y Q(x,y)? Solution: (a) ∃y ∀x Q(x,y)There is a real number y such that for every real number x, Q(x,y). false (b) ∀ x ∃y Q(x,y)For every real number x there is a real number y such that Q(x,y). true (c) ∃y ∀ x Q(x,y)∀ x ∃y Q(x,y) ( not equivalent) 牛牛文库文档分享 (4) Example 5(page 53) Q(x,y)”x+y=z” universe of discourse all real numbers How about ∀x ∀y ∃z Q(x,y,z) and ∃z ∀x ∀y Q(x,y,z) Solution: ∀x ∀y ∃z Q(x,y,z) is true. ∃z ∀x ∀y Q(x,y,z) is false. 牛牛文库文档分享 Translating Mathematical Statements into Statements Involving Nested Quantifiers Example 6(page 54): Example 7: 牛牛文库文档分享 4. Translating from Nested Quantifiers into English (3) Example 9 (page 55) ∀x ( C(x) \/ ∃y (C(y) /\ F(x,y)) ) C(x)”x has a computer” F(x,y)”x,y are friends” universe of discourse for both x and y all students in the school ??? What does the formula mean? 牛牛文库文档分享 (4) Example 4 (page 45) ∃x ∀y ∀z ( (F(x,y) /\ F(x,z) /\ (y≠z)) →¬F(y,z)