离散数学杨争锋ch014.pptxVIP

(2) The Correctness of Modus Ponens (假言推理的正确性) The reason (p /\ (p →q))→q is a tautology (永真公式) Prove it by yourself 牛牛文库文档分享 2. Rules of Inferences Table 1 (page66) (a) Addition (附加) p p \/ q (b) Simplication (化简) p /\ q p 牛牛文库文档分享 (c) Conjunction (合取) p q p /\ q (d) Modus ponens (假言推理) p p→q q 牛牛文库文档分享 (e) Modus tollens (拒取式) ¬q p→q ¬p (f) Hypothetical syllogism (假言三段论) p→q q→r p→r 牛牛文库文档分享 (g) Disjunctive syllogism (析取三段论) p \/ q ¬p q (h) Resolution (消解) p \/ q ¬p \/ r q \/ r 牛牛文库文档分享 (2) Examples Example 1~5 by yourself. (b) Example 5 (page 67) State which rule of inference in the argument: “If it rains today, then we will not have a barbecue today. If we do not have a barbecue today, then we will have a barbecue tomorrow. Therefore, if it rains today, we will have a barbecue tomorrow.” 牛牛文库文档分享 Solution: pIt is raining today. qWe will not have a barbecue today. rWe will have a barbecue tomorrow. Then this argument is of the form: p→q q→r p→r 牛牛文库文档分享 3. Valid Arguments (有效推理) Definition (page 63) An argument form is called valid if whenever all the hypotheses are true, the conclusion is also true. Consequently, showing that q logically follows from the hypotheses p1, p2, …, pn is the same as showing that the implication (p1 /\ p2 /\ …/\ pn) →q is true 牛牛文库文档分享 (2) Example 6 (page 67) Show that the hypotheses “It is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than yesterday.” “We will go swimming only if it is sunny.” “If we do not go swimming, then we will take a canoe (独木舟) trip.” “If we take a canoe trip, then we will be home by