十九世纪语言学.pptVIP

Comparative and Historical Linguistics 历史比较语言学 Historical linguistics is a branch of linguistics, which studies the development history of a language or languages. It is also called diachronic linguistics（历时语言学）. Comparative and historical linguistics refer to the historical research of languages based on the comparison of them. Work on the historical relations between languages before the 19th century Dante 但丁(1265-1321) De vulgari eloquentia 《论俗语》Different dialects come from the same language; similarly, different languages come from a single source language. Work on the historical relations between languages before the 19th century J.J.Scalinger 斯卡利杰（1540-1609), he dispensed with two fallacious dogmas: the supposedly linear historical relation between Greek and Latin. the alleged origin of all languages in Hebrew. J.J.Scalinger 斯卡利杰（1540-1609) Scalinger recognized 11 language families, 4 major and 7 minor ones. Within the families the member languages were genetically related but between them no relationship could be established. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz 莱布尼茨 （1646-1746） He pointed to the evidence in place names and river names of the earlier distribution of languages over the areas from which they had later receded either through the expulsion of the speakers or the replacement of the language after the arrival of newcomers. important in the world of linguistic science: 1786 Sir William Jones, a judge in the British court in India, read his famous paper to the Royal Asiatic Society in Calcutta, establishing the kinship of Sanskrit with Latin, Greek and the Germanic languages. Significance of the study of Sanskrit The comparison between Sanskrit and European languages started the comparative studies of languages. The study of Sanskrit led to the discovery of the linguistic achievements in India and promoted the development of linguistics. Grimm’s law and Verner’s law格里姆定律和维尔纳定律 The correspondences between consonants of Germanic langu