英语语言学二(.3).pptVIP

From phonetics to phonology语音学到音系学 Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps. Rather, sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. For example, map, lamb. 例如，如果鼻辅音（如[m]之类）处于口腔元音（如map中的[?] ）之前，鼻音的部分特征就会延续，导致元音[?]的起始带有一定程度的鼻音性质。这是因为再发鼻音的过程中软腭下垂以便让气流通过鼻腔，而为了发[?]音，软腭必须回移到正常位置自然需要时间，而这个过程在开始发[?]音时还未完成。同样，当[?]音在[m]之前时，如lamb,软腭在发[?]时就开始下降，为接下来的鼻音做好准备。 3.1 Coarticulation（协同发音） When such simultaneous（同时的） or overlapping（重叠）articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation.（协同发音） If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation（先期协同发音）.如果发音的变化是倾向于后面音的音质（如lamb)就称之为先期协同发音。 If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation（后滞协同发音）, as is the case of map.如果发音显示出前面语音的影响（如map），则称之为后滞协同发音。 The fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call nasalization（鼻音化）.lamb中的元音 [?] 具有后面鼻音的某些性质，这种现象成为鼻音化。 To indicate that a vowel has been nasalized, we add a diacritic to the top of the symbol as 表示元音的鼻音化是在符号[?] 上加一条浪线，即 Phonemes（音位） Phonology（音系学） is not specifically concerned with the physical properties of the speech production system.(音系学并不特别关注语音系统的物质特征） Phoneticians （语音学家）are concerned with how sounds differ in the way they are pronounced发音方法的不同 while phonologists（音系学家） are interested in the patterning of such sounds and the rules that underlie such variations搭配模式和音变背后的规律. Crystal: ‘Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not’.（音系分析所依赖的原则是；某些语音能够导致词或短语意义上的变化，而有些语音则不导致这样的变化） Minimal pairs test（最小对比对测试） Take a word, replace one sound by another, and see whether a different meaning results. It can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meaning. It leads to the identification of pho