英语语言学第二讲课PPT.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Phonetics ＆ Phonology 1. Inroduction (1) Phonetics and phonology are very useful. With some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. More importantly, phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution to “teaching” machines to “talk”. (2) Linguistics is only interested in speech sounds. Sounds made by a human being but not used in language are not considered as speech sound, e.g. coughing, vomitting, snoring. 2. Phonetics Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language. It studies the characteristics of human sound-making, particularly the sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their transcription, description and classification. Three branches of phonetics: (1) Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 is the study of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how speech sounds are perceived by the hearer. (3) Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 studies the transmission of speech sounds through the air. Our primary interest will be in articulatory phonetics. Speech organs/Articulators The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: The pharyngeal cavity 咽腔— the throat; The oral cavity 口腔— the mouth. The speech organs located in this cavity are the tongue, the soft palate, the hard palate, the teeth ridge, the teeth and the lips; The nasal cavity鼻腔— the nose. 3. IPA and broad vs. narrow transcription The international phonetic alphabet﹙IPA﹚system was devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 and has undergone a number of revision since then. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. The application of the phonetic symbols is universal to all languages. Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only. Narrow