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Hume Peter Millican, Tampere, Sept 2006 General Philosophy The Problem of Free Will We think of people as morally responsible for what they do “freely”. But we don’t blame them for what they are forced to do. Then we say they’re not free, and have no choice in the matter. Suppose that what I do is caused, or causally determined. So it was causally necessary that I did what I did. How, then, can I properly be blamed? Determinism Determinism is the thesis that all events are “determined” by prior causes. So for any event E, given the causal laws that govern the universe, and the prior state of the world, E was inevitable. “[It is agreed that] matter, in all its operations, is actuated by a necessary force, and that every natural effect is so precisely determined by the energy of its cause, that no other effect, in such particular circumstances, could possibly have resulted from it. …” (Hume, Enquiry, 8.4). Hume thought this also true of human actions. Taxonomy of Positions Is the thesis that we have genuine free will compatible with determinism? NO: Then at most one of them can be true … We have free will; determinism is false = Libertarianism We do not have free will; determinism is true = Hard determinism YES: They are compatible = Compatibilism We have free will; and determinism is true = Soft determinism The Consequence Argument If determinism is true, then all human actions are causally determined consequences of the laws of nature and prior conditions. Hence I cannot do otherwise than I actually do, except by falsifying the laws of nature or changing past conditions. But clearly I can’t do either of these. If I cannot do otherwise than I actually do, then I do not have free will. So if determinism is true, we lack free will. “I Could (Not) Do Otherwise” The traditional way of opposing the consequence argument is to interpret “I could do otherwise” differently. Instead of the incompatibilist’s reading: “It is causally possible, in that exact situation,
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