上海交大之软件需求分析.pdf

第6讲需求分析 第6讲需求分析 内容 内容 需求分析的重要性 需求分析的困难性 需求工程 需求分析过程 概念模型和规范化 图形工具 需求验证 原型技术 需求分析 需求分析 需求分析是软件定义时期的最后一个阶段 回答“ 系统必须做什么？”的问题 需求分析的重要性 需求分析的重要性 真的很重要吗？ 例：Our real-time example is based on the embedded software in the Ariane-5, a space rocket belonging to the European Space Agency (ESA). On June 4, 1996, on its maiden flight, the Ariane-5 was launched and performed perfectly for approximately 40 seconds. Then, it began to veer off course. At the direction of an Ariane ground controller, the rocket was destroyed by remote control. The destruction of the uninsured rocket was a loss not only of the rocket itself, but also of the four satellites it contained; the total cost of the disaster was $500 million (Newsbytes home page 1996; Lions et al. 1996). 需求分析的重要性 需求分析的重要性 The reason: there was no discussion in the requirements documents of the ways in which the Ariane-5 trajectory would be different from Ariane-4. 统计资料： In 1994, the Standish Group surveyed over 350 companies about their over 8000 software projects to find out how well they were faring. The results are sobering. Thirty-one percent of the software projects were canceled before they were completed. Moreover, in large companies, only 9% of the projects were delivered on time and cost what they were budgeted, and 16% met those criteria in small companies (Standish 1994). 需求分析的重要性 需求分析的重要性 To understand why, Standish (1995) asked the survey respondents to explain the causes of the failed projects. The top factors were reported to be 1. incomplete requirements (