人工智能的课件CH8-FOL.pptVIP

Assignments Ex 8.3, 8.15 * 智能计算研究中心 X. First order logic (FOL) Autumn 2012 Instructor: Wang Xiaolong Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School Intelligent Computation Research Center (HITSGS ICRC) Outline Why FOL? Syntax and semantics of FOL Using FOL Wumpus world in FOL Knowledge engineering in FOL Pros and cons of propositional logic Propositional logic is declarative ? Propositional logic allows partial/disjunctive/negated information (unlike most data structures and databases) Propositional logic is compositional: meaning of B1,1 ? P1,2 is derived from meaning of B1,1 and of P1,2 ? Meaning in propositional logic is context-independent (unlike natural language, where meaning depends on context) ? Propositional logic has very limited expressive power (unlike natural language) E.g., cannot say pits cause breezes in adjacent squares“ except by writing one sentence for each square First-order logic Whereas propositional logic assumes the world contains facts First-order logic (like natural language) assumes a car contains Objects: people, houses, numbers, colors, baseball games, wars, … Relations: red, round, prime, brother of, bigger than, part of, comes between, … Functions: father of, best friend, one more than, plus, … Examples: “One plus two equals three” Objects: Relations: Properties: Functions: “Squares neighboring the Wumpus are smelly” Objects: Relations: Properties: Functions: Examples: “One plus two equals three” Objects: one, two, three, one plus two Relations: equals Properties: -- Functions: plus (“one plus two” is the name of the object obtained by applying function plus to one and two; three is another name for this object) “Squares neighboring the Wumpus are smelly” Objects: Wumpus, square Relations: neighboring Properties: smelly Functions: -- Semantics there is a correspondence between functions, which return values predicates, which are true or false Function: father_of(Mary) = Bill P