人工智能的课件CH18-Learning-from-observations.pptVIP

* 智能计算研究中心 Learning from Observations(chapter18) Autumn 2012 Instructor: Wang Xiaolong Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School Intelligent Computation Research Center (HITSGS ICRC) Outlines Learning agents Inductive learning Decision tree learning Measuring learning performance Learning Learning is essential for unknown environments, i.e., when designer lacks omniscience Learning is useful as a system construction method, i.e., expose the agent to reality rather than trying to write it down Learning modifies the agents decision mechanisms to improve performance Learning agents Learning element Design of a learning element is affected by Which components of the performance element are to be learned What feedback is available to learn these components What representation is used for the components Type of feedback: Supervised learning: involves learning a function from examples of its input and outputs. Unsupervised learning: involves learning patterns in the input when no specific output values are supplied. Reinforcement learning: learn from rewards (reinforcement) Inductive learning Simplest form: learn a function from examples f is the target function An example is a pair (x, f(x)) Problem: find a hypothesis h such that h ≈ f given a training set of examples (This is a highly simplified model of real learning: Ignores prior knowledge Assumes examples are given) Inductive learning method Construct/adjust h to agree with f on training set (h is consistent if it agrees with f on all examples) E.g., curve fitting: Inductive learning method Construct/adjust h to agree with f on training set (h is consistent if it agrees with f on all examples) E.g., curve fitting: Inductive learning method Construct/adjust h to agree with f on training set (h is consistent if it agrees with f on all examples) E.g., curve fitting: Inductive learning method Construct/adjust h to agree with f on training set (h is consistent if it agrees wit