荷卣荷壶真伪辨-山东博物馆.PDF

54 考古与文物 2017 年第 5 期 荷卣、荷壶真伪辨 ——兼论荷簋、荷尊的年代与族属 王恩田 （山东博物馆） 关键词：荷卣，荷簋，荷尊，荷诰，成周 摘要：传世有 9 字铭文的荷壶，是利用战国时代的无铭鹰首壶，仿照商周时代的荷卣加刻铭文。荷是安阳殷都 的望族。荷簋器主荷是子姓殷人。“公 殷年”即周公平三监叛乱之年。荷簋年代属周公摄政二年。“乃令荷 三族， 为荷室”，“室”通“师”，意为任命荷为掌管三族军队的统率。“三族”即齐、纪莱和逢伯之族。荷尊的“成周” 意为成王所建的洛邑的周都。根据葬谥制度，成王是谥称而非生称。“成周”可以作为武成铜器与康王及其以后诸 王铜器断代的标准。荷尊器主荷是与康王同祖同宗的周人。荷簋的荷与荷尊的荷不可能是同一个人。荷尊通篇内容 都是康王的诰，是另一篇不见于记载的《康王之诰》。由于荷尊是康王诰“宗小子”荷的，可称之为《荷诰》。 KEY WORDS: He you , He gui, He zun, He gao, Chengzhou ABSTRACT: The inscriptions of the He hu includes nine characters and were engraved on a Warring-States eagle- headed hu vessel, imitating the inscriptions of the He you dating to the Shang-Zhou period. Based on the texts, one can tell that the owner of the vessel, He, belonged to a Shang royal member with the zi surname. The event ‘Gong yi yinlina’ refers to the year when Duke of Zhou suppressed the rebellion of Sanjian. Thus, the He gui should date to the second year of Duke Zhou’s regent. ‘Nailing He sisanzhu, wei He si ’ means assigning He as the general of the Three zhu Army (Qi, Jilai, and Pengbo). Moreover, Chengzhou means the capital in Luoyang developed by King Cheng; thereby this bronze should be manufactured after King Cheng according to the posthumous name system that the two characters for King Cheng could not appear antemortem. Nonetheless, He, the owner, mentioned in the He zun should belong to a Zhou clan and the same generation of Kang King. Thus, the He zun and He gui could not be manufactured by the same individual. The He zun recorded King Kang’s mandate, and should be considered as one piece of ‘Kangwong zigao ’, or called as ‘He gao ’ . 一 荷卣与荷壶的真伪 《西清》定为周器，大体不误。而 壶与周初 兄尊的铭文相同，却出现在战国时代的鹰首提 上世纪 70 年代初，