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* Variolation spread to Turkey and in early 18th century Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the British ambassador to Turkey, introduced the practice into England in 1721. In late 18th century, a young boy called Edward Jenner underwent variolation. Jenner later became a physician and noticed the similarities between cowpox (much milder disease) and smallpox. In 1796, Jenner deliberately infected a 8 year old boy, James Phipps, with cowpox. The boy was subsequently protected against smallpox challenge. This was the first scientific demonstration of vaccination. The word “vaccination” (Latin word for cow – vacca) replaced the term variolation. * 3 ways to control infectious disease: Eliminating the source of infection; (b) breaking the chain of transmission; ? increase the body’s resistance (better nutrition; improved personal hygiene and immunization Immunization – one of the most effective measures in controlling infectious disease. Immunization – active vs passive; natural vs. artificial Illustrated by immunization with diphtheria toxoid * Live vaccine – represents a balance between diminished pathogenicity and retained immunoreactivity. Attenuation – higher temp; under anaerobic conditions; by cold adaptation (grow at 32 -34C) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Emergence of “new” influenza viruses by genetic recombination? Human flu virus (XX) Avian flu virus (YY) XY Pig (Blender) Human New flu virus (XY) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 嚴重急性呼吸道症候群 Worldwide Cases 8,098 probable cases 774 deaths (By Dec. 2004 Source: CDC) What is SARS? A highly contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory infection First appeared in China in Nov. 2002, then spread to 30 countries Causative agent (SARS-CoV) was identified in late March 2003 Transmitted mainly by close person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets or via air-borne route (?) Incubation period ? ranged from 2 to 11 days Sy