工作与失业课件.pptVIP

14.1 勞動市場的指標 圖 14.1 人口分類 右圖顯示 2005 年 5 月的資料 14.1 勞動市場的指標 勞動市場的主要指標 失業率 勞動參與率 失業率 失業人口占勞動力的比率，顯示人們想就業但找不到工作的程度 失業率 = 失業人口 x 100 勞動力 41.1 勞動市場的指標 怯志工作者 怯志工作者 可工作且願意工作但無工作者，而且在調查的前四週未試圖尋找工作者 14.1 勞動市場的指標 兼職工作者 全職工作者 每週至少工作 35 小時者 兼職工作者 每週工作低於 35 小時者 非自願兼職工作者 每週工作低於 35 小時，但是正在尋找全職工作的機會 14.1 勞動市場的指標 總工時 就業人數一年的工作時間總和，等於就業人數乘以每人平均工作時數 14.3 失業的原因與型態 失業的原因 造成失業的原因為： 失去工作 — 遭到解雇或資遣，不論是永久或暫時的 離職 — 自願放棄工作 加入勞動力 — 新加入或再度加入勞動力的人無法馬上找到工作，在尋找工作的期間成為失業者 14.3 失業的原因與型態 結束失業的原因為 受雇 召回 退出勞動力 14.3 失業的原因與型態 失業的型態 磨擦性失業 是由於正常的勞動流動 — 人們加入或退出勞動力，或是工作的產生與消失 結構性失業 由於技術變動或國際競爭，導致工作需要的技術改變或工作地點遷移。 Perhaps the most difficult point in this chapter to get across to students is explaining the difference between the layperson’s definition of unemployment and unemployment as measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The layperson typically considers anyone who is not working as unemployed. It is worth reemphasizing that a person is only considered officially unemployed if the person is not working but also is actively seeking employment. Here is a good opportunity to ask students a direct question to which they will happily provide several answers. Why might someone be not working and not looking for work? Students will no doubt point to some of the most obvious answers: full‐time student, homemaker, retired etc. Unemployment is an emotionally charged subject and is a good one for reinforcing the important point that economics is positive in contrast to normative. Economists do not make normative judgments as to whether unemployment is good or bad; rather they explain why unemployment exists and what determines its rate. Some students mistakenly compute the unemployment rate as the number unemployed divided by the number employed. Make sure to explain that economists consider the labor force to include not only those who are employed but also those who are unemployed and looking for work. It comes as a shock to most students that unemployment has benefits as w